Density-dependent network structuring within and across wild animal systems

Theory predicts that high population density leads to more strongly connected spatial and social networks, but how local density drives individuals’ positions within their networks is unclear. This reduces our ability to understand and predict density-dependent processes. Here, we show that density drives greater network connectedness at the scale of individuals within wild animal populations. Across 36 datasets of spatial and social behaviour in >58,000 individual animals, spanning 30 species of fish, reptiles, birds, mammals and insects, 80% of systems exhibit strong positive relationships between local density and network centrality. However, >80% of relationships are nonlinear and 75% are shallower at higher values, indicating saturating trends as demographic and behavioural processes counteract density’s effects. These are stronger and less saturating in spatial than social networks, as individuals become disproportionately spatially connected rather than socially at higher densities. Consequently, ecological processes that depend on spatial connections are likely more density-dependent than those involving social interactions. These findings suggest fundamental scaling rules governing animal social dynamics and could help to predict network structures in novel systems.